Books and Reports
Andreas, John. 1982. Energy-Efficient Electric Motors: Selection
and Application. New York, N.Y.: Marcel Dekker.
This reference, written in simple language, provides guidelines
for selecting and applying electric motors on the basis of life-cycle
costs. Particular emphasis is given to single- and three-phase
motors from 1 to 125 hp. The book covers the economics of energy-efficient
motors in detail and discusses some of the interactions between
the power supply and the motor. There is a brief section on adjustable-speed
drives.
Arthur D. Little, Inc. (ADL). 1980. Classification and Evaluation
of Electric Motors and Pumps. Report DOE/TIC-11339. Prepared
for the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Industrial Programs.
Springfield, Va.: National Technical Information Service.
This study, based on data from the late l970s, represents the
first attempt to describe the motor and pump markets and to analyze
whether efficiency standards and labeling requirements for motors
and pumps were desirable. The data in this report served as the
basis for the development of the EPAct motor rule. The report
contains many detailed breakdowns on the motor and pump populations,
but the accuracy of some of the numbers is questionable (due to
limitations in the underlying data). The report contains a politically
biased conclusion that neither efficiency standards nor labeling
requirements are desirable. An earlier version of the report (DOE/CS-1047,
same title and publisher) concluded that efficiency standards
and labeling might be advantageous. This earlier version also
contained some data that did not make it into the final report.
Arthur D. Little, Inc. (ADL). 1999. Opportunities for Energy
Savings in the Residential and Commercial Sectors with High-Efficiency
Electric Motors, Final Report. Prepared for the U.S. Department
of Energy. Washington, D.C.: Arthur D. Little, Inc.
This study, commissioned by DOE’s Office of Energy Efficiency
and Renewable Energy, is the most complete study of motor use
in the commercial and residential sectors. The report profiles
motor technologies and applications found in the commercial and
residential sectors, current motor populations, energy use, and
savings potentials, and also identifies barriers to increased
use of efficient motors. In contrast to the Xenergy (1998) study
of motors in the industrial sector, this report is based on secondary
data sources. However, when combined with the Xenergy (1998) study,
these studies offer the most comprehensive picture of motor use
in the United States currently available.
Bensch, Ingo. 1999. POS Evaluation: Looking Back on the Performance
Optimization Service Program, Report Summary. Madison, Wis.:
Energy Center of Wisconsin.
This ten-page report discusses the results and lessons from the
Wisconsin Performance Optimization Service program, which is one
of the most extensive programs to promote system optimization
in North America. This study is useful reading for program planners
and implementers interested in encouraging systems optimization
since the Wisconsin program implementers had some notable successes
but also learned some important lessons that will need to be addressed
by future programs of this type. An in-depth report is also available
for those wanting further details.
Consortium for Energy Efficiency (CEE). 1996. Premium Efficiency
Motor Initiative. Boston, Mass.: Consortium for Energy Efficiency.
CEE’s premium-efficiency motor initiative was inspired by a
desire to define a new efficiency point for manufacturers to use
as a target when they designed their new product lines in response
to EPAct. The description discusses the motivation behind the
initiative, how the levels in the specification were arrived at,
and possibilities for the specification to be used in market transformation
programs.
Dreisilker, Henry. Undated. "Safe Stator and Rotor Stripping
Method." 10-page typescript. Glen Ellyn, Ill.: Dreisilker Electric
Motors.
Henry Dreisilker, president of a large motor distribution and
repair business, has waged a one-man campaign for 30 years against
the use of burnout-oven stripping. He maintains that conventional
motor repair practice damages motors and that the low-temperature,
mechanical technique he uses and markets does a better job without
damaging the motors. Dreisilker has an extensive collection of
testimonials in support of his method, and case studies of the
damage caused by conventional practice.
E Source, Inc. 1999. Drivepower Technology Atlas Series, Volume
IV. Prepared by B. Howe, A. Lovins, D. Houghton, M. Shepard,
and B. Stickney. Boulder, Colo.: E Source, Inc.
This volume is the third edition of one of the standard motor
efficiency references that built upon the 1989 report, The
State of the Art: Drivepower (Lovins et al. 1989). E Source’s
series was among the first motor energy efficiency technical references
and helped establish the credibility of this topic. This encyclopedic
work provides in-depth technical information on motor and related
technologies; motor systems; and motor selection, operation, and
maintenance. The book focuses in particular on the state-of-the-art
technologies and practice, and provides information not readily
available from other sources.
Easton Consultants. 1996. National Market Transformation Strategies
for Industrial Electric Motor Systems: Volume II, Market Assessment.
DOE/PO-0044. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Energy.
This report is the result of a multi-funder research effort to
characterize the opportunities for energy efficiency in key segments
of the original equipment manufacturer motor marketplace. The
structure of the motor drive, pump, fan, and compressed air industry
are described, and key market players are identified.
Easton Consultants. 2000. Market Research Report: Variable Frequency
Drives. Report #00-054. Portland, Oreg.: Northwest Energy Efficiency
Alliance.
This study builds upon the above report to provide a characterization
of the ASD market, and represents the most current market analysis
available. This report projects the market for ASDs, estimates
the installed base, characterizes how the market functions, provides
current cost data, and identifies potential implementation problems
associated with drives.
Easton Consultants and Xenergy 1999. Opportunities for Industrial
Motor Systems in the Pacific Northwest. Portland, Oreg: Northwest
Energy Efficiency Alliance.
Identifies opportunities for reducing motor system energy use
by measure (e.g., motor efficiency upgrade, pump system efficiency
improvement, etc.) and sector (e.g., pulp and paper, irrigation,
etc.). This work is largely based on a previous study by Xenergy
for DOE (Xenergy 1998). It also evaluates the sectors and measures
on specific criteria and identifies five major program "opportunity
clusters" a motor package (efficiency, proper rewinding,
and down-sizing), an equipment package (primarily fan and pump
systems), a compressed-air package, irrigation pumping, and refrigeration
in the food-processing industries. The approach and packages may
be appropriate for other regions.
Electrical Apparatus Service Association (EASA). 1985. Core
Iron Study. St. Louis, Mo.: Electrical Apparatus Service Association.
This widely cited study from the 1980s, prepared by the trade
association of motor repair shops, sought to resolve the question
of whether conventional burnout-oven stripping degrades motor
cores. Although the study concluded that no damage should occur
when burnout ovens are set no higher than 650EF,
the data from EASA's tests do show some damage and suggest that
lower temperature limits may be warranted. Much of the more recent
work, especially by the Washington State University (Schueler,
Leistner, and Douglass 1994) build upon this report to address
this question.
Friedman, R., C. Burrell, J. DeKorte, N. Elliott, and B. Meberg.
1996. Electric Motor System Market Transformation. Washington,
D.C.: American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy.
This report, the foundation for many of the motor system programs
developed in recent years (such as the Compressed Air Challenge),
remains an important reference on motor system markets. The
study identified and characterized the major motor systems market
segments and provided market structures for each segment, identifying
key players. Opportunities for transforming the markets were identified,
and intervention strategies were proposed for each. Based on this
analysis, the various strategies were ranked based on their energy
savings and likelihood of success. The report was prepared by
ACEEE under contract to DOE’s Motor Challenge program and
was also published by DOE (DOE/PO-0044, Volume I, 1996) along
with a companion study, National Market Transformation Strategies
for Industrial Electric Motor Systems: Volume II, Market
Assessment (Easton Consultants 1996).
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Resource Dynamics Corporation.
2001. Improving Motor and Drive System Performance: A Sourcebook
for Industry. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Energy, Office
of Industrial Technologies.
This new compilation assembles much of the key reference information
into a single volume. The book provides an overview of motor technology
basics and includes eight fact sheets on key motor topics and
a list of resource available to motor users. The report also includes
the motor repair documents prepared by the Washington State University.
Nailen, Robert. 1987. Motors, Volume 6, Power Plant Reference
Series. Palo Alto, Calif.: Electric Power Research Institute.
This motor manual is directed mainly at power plant engineers,
although most of the information is useful in other fields. Techniques
for matching a motor to an application are described in relation
to the load characteristics, environment, and power systems. Motor
industry standards and maintenance practice arc also covered.
National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA). 1999. Motors
and Generators. NEMA Standards Publication No. MG 1-1998. Rosslyn,
Va.: National Electrical Manufacturers Association.
One of the most important technical references for understanding
the energy efficiency of electric motors. This document is the
primary technical standard by which motors are designed and specified
in North America, and is widely referenced throughout the world.
The standard specifies allowable ranges for key operating parameters
for difference "designs" of motor and generators. MG
1 allows for the interchangeability of motors of a given design
among different manufacturers. Also provided are guidelines for
labeling motors, including regarding energy efficiency. This standard
is updated on approximately a 2-year cycle.
Schueler, V., P. Leistner, and J. Douglass. 1994. Industrial
Motor Repair in the United States. Portland, Oreg.: Bonneville
Power Administration.
The first major independent study of the motor repair industry
and motor repair techniques. The study persuasively makes the
case regarding why repair is an important energy issue, provides
a profile of the motor repair industry, discusses the repair process
and its possible impacts on efficiency, identifies the major barriers
to quality repair, and proposes strategies to encourage quality
repairs. Appendices provide tools to assist end-users in managing
their motor repairs.
Seton, Johnson, & Odell, Inc. 1987. Lost Conservation Opportunities
in the Industrial Sector. Portland, Oreg.: Bonneville Power
Administration.
This report examines opportunities for obtaining efficiency improvements
at low cost when new equipment is purchased or existing equipment
is being replaced. It discusses several motor-related industrial
energy efficiency opportunities, including motors, pumps, and
piping. Extensive data on motor sales, costs, and efficiencies
are included.
U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). 1998. Improving Compressed
Air System Performance: A Source Book for Industry. Washington,
D.C.: US Department of Energy.
This practical reference provides guidance for engineers and
compressed air system operators on opportunity identification
and system performance improvements. The guide was developed by
DOE’s Motor Challenge program, in cooperation with the
Compressed Air Challenge. The leading experts in the compressed
air industry contributed to and reviewed this guide. The volume
is organized into three parts:
- An overview of compressed air systems that describes types
of compressors and other system components, and discusses uses
for compressed air;
- A set of 11 fact sheets covering the main performance opportunities;
and
- A reference guide that directs the reader to additional resources
for assistance in compressed air system optimization and operation.
Xenergy. 1998. United States Industrial Electric Motor Systems
Market Opportunities Assessment. Prepared for Oak Ridge National
Laboratory and DOE’s Office of Industrial Technologies. Washington,
D.C.: U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and
Renewable Energy.
This study, perhaps the most important new data source on electric
motors to become available in the past decade, was commissioned
by DOE and undertook a systematic review of all data sources in
order to characterize the industrial motor marketplace. This review
was supplemented by extensive field assessment of manufacturing
facilities. This research provided an accurate characterization
of the number, size, and application of electric motors in industry,
and yielded important insights into how these assets are managed
by plants, and the size and locations of major efficiency opportunities.
The main report, which is available online, is an important reference;
however, the data available in the appendices of the complete
report represent an even more valuable research resource. These
include profiles of motor use and savings opportunities in selected
industries, methodological information, and a stock adjustment
model to project changes in the motor market place. Unfortunately
the complete report has become difficult to obtain.
Xenergy. 2000. Assessment of the Market for Compressed Air Efficiency
Services. Prepared for DOE and the Compressed Air Challenge.
Burlington, Mass.: Xenergy.
This study characterizes the compressed air marketplace from
both demand and supply sides. The report characterizes the knowledge
of compressed air system users and suppliers, provides a picture
of the market structure, estimates energy use, and identifies
the magnitude of efficiency opportunities. Market barriers on
both sides are identified, and strategies for addressing these
barriers are suggested.
Journals and Periodicals
ASHRAE Journal, ASHRAE Transactions. American Society of
Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, 1791 Tullie
Circle, N.E., Atlanta, GA 30329.
The Journal, the monthly magazine of ASHRAE, covers topics
related to their mission in articles, advertisements, and product
listings and is of primary interest to mechanical engineers designing
or retrofitting HVAC and refrigeration systems. Transactions
is published twice each year and contains the research papers
presented at the two annual ASHRAE meetings.
Consulting-Specifying Engineer, Design News, Plant Engineering.
The Cahners Publishing Company, 275 Washington Street, Newton, MA
02158.
Consulting-Specifying Engineer is published monthly and
is aimed at mechanical and electrical engineers working in the
building construction industry. The articles, advertising, and
product listings cover a wide range of technologies, including
those related to motors. Design News is published twice
monthly and is written for mechanical and electrical engineers
designing components and systems for buildings, industry, and
transportation. It includes articles, advertising, and product
listings. Plant Engineering is also published twice monthly
and includes articles, advertising, and product listings. It is
written for engineers working in industry.
Electrical Construction and Maintenance. Intertec Publishing,
888 7th Avenue, 38th Floor, New York, NY 10106.
This monthly magazine covers the installation, maintenance, and
repair of a range of electrical technologies. Each issue includes
AMotor Facts," which
covers a variety of issues in the selection, installation, and
care of motors.
Energy Engineering. Association of Energy Engineers, 700
Indian Trail, Lilburn, GA 30247.
This bimonthly publication is the journal of the Association
of Energy Engineers. Each issue concentrates on a single topic,
such as motor systems, energy management control systems software,
etc., and includes several articles plus a product directory.
Energy User News. The Chilton Company, 7 East 12th Street,
New York, NY 10003.
This monthly magazine is targeted at facility managers in commercial
and institutional buildings. It presents case studies, interviews,
and surveys on energy use practices, and reports on trends in
energy costs. The magazine includes advertising and product directories
on a variety of energy-efficient technologies, including motors
and drives.
Engineered Systems. Business News Publishing Company, P.O.
Box 7016, Troy, MI 48007.
This magazine, published bimonthly, "provides information
to assist people who specify, install, buy, and maintain commercial,
industrial, and institutional HVAC/R systems." Articles, advertisements,
and product directories cover a wide range of topics in the areas
of both mechanical and electrical technologies, including motors
and motor systems.
Heating, Piping, and Air Conditioning. Penton Publishing,
Inc., 1100 Superior Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44114.
This monthly magazine is addressed to mechanical engineers working
in the building trade. Articles, advertising, and product listings
cover a variety of topics, including pumps, fans, piping, and
ductwork.
IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, IEEE Transactions
on Power Systems. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers,
345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017-2394.
Industry Applications, published six times a year, covers
a variety of motor-related technologies of interest to industry
(including recent developments in adjustable speed drives and
their applications) and includes papers presented at conferences
of the IEEE Industry Applications Society. Power Systems
focuses on topics of interest to electric utilities, including
new types of motors and the interaction of motor systems with
utilities. This quarterly publication contains papers presented
at conferences of the IEEE Power Engineering Society.
Software Tools
Jacobs Engineering Group, Inc. 1996. ASDMaster™. Palo
Alto, Calif.: Electric Power Research Institute.
ASDMaster™ is a software tool developed by EPRI
to assist with the analysis, application, and specification of
adjustable speed drives. ASDMaster™provides the end-user
with a screening tool that aids in identifying ASD applications,
evaluating the economics, selecting the right ASD to suit the
application and environment, developing a purchase specification,
and locating manufacturers of suitable ASDs. The companion user’s
guide provides an excellent overview of ASD technologies, application
considerations, economic evaluation, and several case studies.
Office of Industrial Technologies. 2000. Pumping System Assessment
Tool. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Energy, Office of
Industrial Technologies.
The Pumping System Assessment Tool (PSAT) is a software program
developed by DOE’s Office of Industrial Technologies to assist
engineers and facility operators in performing assessments of
pumping system energy usage. PSAT is also well suited for consultants
or plant engineers performing plant energy usage surveys. End-users
in the field will find PSAT easy to use since it was carefully
designed to require only the minimum essential operation data
(or requirements) to perform its analysis. Although PSAT does
not specify recommendations for measures to improve systems, it
does prioritize likely opportunities for efficiency improvement
and allows the user to broaden or narrow searches for improving
efficiency.
Washington State University Energy Program. 1999. MotorMaster+Ò,
Version 3.01. Olympia, Wash.: Washington State University.
This program is the latest incarnation of what started as the
Washington State Energy Office’s Motor Database in the late 1980s.
The core feature of this tool is a database of catalog data for
integral-horsepower motors from all major manufacturers. This
database allows different motors to be compared, and to evaluate
repair/replace decisions. The database has also proven to be a
valuable research tool, allowing the range of available product
to be investigated. In the plus version, a robust motor
inventory and management function and a life-cycle cost calculator
have been added to the compare function. While there are limitations
with the database as discussed in Chapter 1, the large database
and the ability to download for free make this tool a must-have.
Washington State University Energy Program. 2001. AirMaster+Ò
. Olympia, Wash.: Washington State University.
AirMaster+Ò is a stand-alone
Windows-based software tool used to analyze industrial compressed
air systems. It is intended to enable auditors to model both existing
system operation and future improvements, and evaluate savings
from energy efficiency measures with relatively short payback
periods. AirMaster+Ò provides
a systematic approach to assessing compressed air systems, analyzing
collected data, and reporting results. Available upon request
by e-mailing the OIT Clearinghouse at Clearinghouse@ee.doe.gov
or calling 800-862-2086.
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